Navigating the Dutch education system: A guide for expats

The Dutch education system is both structured and diverse, offering a wide range of options for expats looking to enroll their children in school. Whether you're moving to the Netherlands temporarily or planning to stay long-term, understanding the system will help you make informed decisions. The Dutch approach to education emphasizes equality and offers students opportunities to pursue academic, vocational, or specialized paths.

This guide explores the key stages of Dutch education, available schooling options, and important insights for parents navigating the system.

The structure of the Dutch education system

Education in the Netherlands is mandatory for children aged 5 to 16. However, most children start primary school at 4. The system is divided into several stages:

• Primary education (Basisonderwijs): Ages 4-12

• Secondary education (Voortgezet Onderwijs): Ages 12-18

• Higher education: Universities, universities of applied sciences, and vocational training institutes

Each stage prepares students for the next level, with a strong focus on finding the best path based on individual abilities and interests.

Primary education: A foundation of learning

Primary education, known as basisonderwijs, is where Dutch children begin their formal schooling journey. This stage lasts eight years, typically starting at age 4 and continuing until age 12. The curriculum is broad and covers subjects such as language, mathematics, arts, and physical education.

Key aspects of Dutch primary schools include:

• Group-based learning: Children are placed in groups (grades), with Group 1-2 being equivalent to kindergarten. Group 3 is the start of formal reading and writing instruction.

• Emphasis on development: Dutch primary schools aim to foster not just academic skills but also social and emotional development.

• Final year assessment: At the end of Group 8, students take a nationwide test (Cito-toets) that helps guide their placement in secondary education.

Secondary education: Multiple pathways for different learners

Once children finish primary school, they move into voortgezet onderwijs (secondary education). This stage has several pathways, determined by a combination of academic ability and interests:

• VMBO (Preparatory Vocational Education): A four-year track that prepares students for vocational training.

• HAVO (Senior General Secondary Education): A five-year track for students aiming to enter universities of applied sciences.

• VWO (Pre-University Education): A six-year program designed for students heading to academic universities.

Students are placed into these tracks based on recommendations from their primary school teachers and their results on the final Group 8 test.

International and bilingual schools: Options for expats

The Dutch education system is highly accommodating for international students, offering several schooling options to cater to the needs of expat families:

• International schools: These schools provide education in English (or other languages) and often follow international curricula such as the International Baccalaureate (IB) or British A-levels. They are ideal for families who plan to move frequently or want continuity with their home country's education system.

• Bilingual schools: Some Dutch schools offer bilingual programs, teaching in both Dutch and English. These schools help children integrate into Dutch society while still maintaining a connection to the English language.

• Dutch public schools: Many expat families choose to enroll their children in Dutch public schools. These schools are free and offer a high standard of education. While classes are taught in Dutch, younger children especially tend to pick up the language quickly.

Higher education: Universities and vocational training

Higher education in the Netherlands is world-renowned, offering a variety of paths for students:

• Research universities (Universiteiten): Focus on academic research and offer bachelor's, master's, and PhD programs. The University of Amsterdam and Leiden University are among the most prestigious.

• Universities of applied sciences (Hogescholen): These institutions focus on practical skills and prepare students for careers in fields like business, healthcare, and engineering. Programs often include internships and hands-on training.

• Vocational education (MBO): For students who followed the VMBO track, vocational training (Middelbaar Beroepsonderwijs) provides specialized education for a wide range of trades and professions.

Most higher education programs are taught in Dutch, though an increasing number of bachelor’s and master’s programs are available in English, particularly at research universities.

Understanding the Dutch grading system

The Dutch grading system is based on a 1 to 10 scale, where 10 is the highest and 1 is the lowest. A grade of 6 is considered a passing score. This system is used across primary, secondary, and higher education, so it's important for expat families to understand how grades translate.

• 10: Excellent

• 9: Very good

• 8: Good

• 7: Satisfactory

• 6: Pass

• Below 6: Fail

For parents unfamiliar with the system, a grade of 6 or 7 is considered perfectly respectable, as teachers are often conservative in awarding 9s and 10s.

Special education in the Netherlands

The Dutch education system is inclusive and offers special education options for children with additional needs. These schools, known as Speciaal Onderwijs, provide tailored programs for children with physical, emotional, or learning disabilities. Parents can work with local municipalities to find the right support and resources for their children.

Key insights for expat parents

Navigating a new education system can be challenging for expat families, but the Dutch system offers flexibility and high-quality education. Here are some practical tips:

• Start early: If you’re considering enrolling your child in a Dutch school, start the application process early, especially for international and bilingual schools, which often have waiting lists.

• Language support: Many schools offer language support programs (taalondersteuning) to help non-Dutch-speaking students integrate into the classroom.

• Involvement is key: Dutch schools encourage parental involvement, from attending parent-teacher meetings to volunteering for school events.

Conclusion

The Dutch education system offers a comprehensive and flexible approach to learning, with a wide range of options for both Dutch and international students. Whether you’re considering local public schools, international programs, or higher education, the system is designed to support diverse learning paths and needs. As an expat, knowing your options and understanding how the system works will help ensure your child’s educational success.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Is education free in the Netherlands for expats?

Yes, Dutch public schools are free to attend, although international schools usually charge tuition fees.

What age do children start school in the Netherlands?

While school is mandatory from age 5, most children begin attending primary school at age 4.

Can my child attend a Dutch school without speaking Dutch?

Yes, many Dutch schools offer language support programs for non-Dutch-speaking children to help them integrate.

What are the main differences between VMBO, HAVO, and VWO?

VMBO is vocational, HAVO prepares students for universities of applied sciences, and VWO leads to university-level education.

Are there bilingual education options in the Netherlands?

Yes, many schools offer bilingual education, combining Dutch and English instruction, especially for younger children and expat families.